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As a result, the new optimization problem (13) performs worse compared to problem (7).
Higher student achievement on explorations (ES = 0.62), compared to problem solving (ES = 0.54), encourages designs of more comprehensive research about inducing an exploratory approach to problem solving also to solving standard textbook problems as opposed to current schemata-driven methods.
There were slightly higher percentages of females (52.4%) compared to males (47.6%), and check-up (57.0%) compared to problem visits (43.0%).
Parallel to how example study reduces cognitive load compared to problem solving, learners engaged in concept map study do not have to invest effort in searching for the answer to a question or the connection between concepts, but rather, devote all available working memory resources to studying the connections between concepts.
Directly asking others for information may be relatively infrequent (compared to problem disclosure) but the finding that approximately one-third of participants asked a direct question suggests this approach does not reflect the information-seeking behaviour of only a select few.
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Overall, the design process may be characterized as a goal-directed and iterative activity where the mode of problem solving is described as solution-focused (as compared to problem-focused) since a designer learns about the problem through proposing solutions and synthesizing ideas.
Problems found in firmware are relatively easy to fix compared to problems found in hardware.
The findings show that social conflict was the cause of the stress and can be compared to problems experienced by ambitious mid-ranking people.
Studies show higher dropout in traditional compared to problem-based learning curricula (UK, Netherlands) [ 4, 17, 31].
Compared to problem-solving activities, worked examples facilitate learning by decreasing extraneous load associated with ineffective strategy use, and simultaneously allow for germane processes associated with schema construction [ 34].
The same holds true for subtraction problems, which require borrowing (64 – 26) compared to problems that require no borrowing (64 – 21, e.g., [ 68]).
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com