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Compared to participating physicians, the 23 non-participating physicians were younger (mean age = 35.7 years) and more likely to be residents (61%).
Patients declining participation were younger but with similar gender distribution compared to participating patients (49 ± 16 years and 57% males vs. 54 ± 13 years and 56% males (p < 0.001 and 0.62).
Refusing patients - who represent a common issue of studies on quality of life [ 52] - were compared to participating ones, in order to evaluate possible selection bias.
For participating members with schizophrenia, more contacts were required to show a statistically significant reduction in ED and inpatient admissions as compared to participating members with depression, where impacts were seen with fewer contacts.
It has been shown that Dutch participants in the European MSM Internet Survey (EMIS) are somewhat biased towards older, gay identified, HIV positive, and (sexually) active MSM, compared to participating MSM from other countries [ 10].
#Significant difference (p < 0.05) compared to participating GPs; n.m. = not measured; ¥ = Role security is calculated by the average of role adequacy and role legitimacy; ± Therapeutic commitment is calculated by the average of task-specific self-esteem, work satisfaction and motivation; *minimal role security = 1 and maximum role security = 7.
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Moreover, the non-participant population consisted of more male GPs compared to the participating population, but just with a 2% difference (p < 0.05).
Compared to the participating patients, the severity of complaints of the non-participants was indeed higher, expressed by a higher mean pain intensity.
As compared to physicians participating in clinical research, smaller proportions of physicians had formal training in clinical research.
Compared to women participating in the 1997 1999 survey, women surveyed in 2003 2004 were more likely to be current or former smokers and to be more physically active.
Non-participants had less severe breathlessness (t = -3.09, p = 0.003) and a better functional status (Karnofsky performance status, KPS) compared to those participating (t = 2.16, p = 0.03).
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