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For all other beneficiaries the optimal decision remains unchanged (compared to a situation without seed capital).
The donor star is affected by the mass loss, which leads to a change in the radius on long timescales compared to a situation without mass loss (Hurley et al. 2000).
This scenario presents also the lowest consumption of total cumulative energy demand, 1.7*104 MJ/ha, and even resulting in a net reduction of the fossil energy fraction, −1.9*104 MJ/ha compared to a situation without seaweed cultivation.
Three scenarios were compared to a situation without pre-selection.
High, or even moderate, collinearity is problematic when effects are weak (as in this study) as it may cause non-significant parameter estimates (i.e., the precision of the estimates decrease, see Licht 1995), compared to a situation without collinearity.
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Such information use, where decisions can be influenced without immediate association, may lead to more lasting and widely spreading shifts in resource use compared to a situation when imminent signal is needed to produce a response.
If comparing to a situation without any PMTCT programme, the base case PMTCT coverage did prevent 39% of child HIV infections at birth and 35 or 29% of the stipulated child HIV infections at 6 months of age, depending on if the CD4 count levels included was assumed to be above or below 350 mm.
Changes in aggregated total farm gross margins from three climate change scenarios for 2040 range between + 1% and + 5% without policy intervention and compared to a reference situation under the current climate.
This study assessed the biodiversity of soil macrofauna along a chronosequence of abandoned rice paddy fields including situations of 2, 4, 7 and 15 years since the last rice harvest, compared to a control without agricultural disturbance.
The aim of the study was to examine morbidity, lifestyle and psychosocial situation in a sample of patients with invasive cancer compared to a random sample of controls without cancer.
Research has shown that ADHD patients use more confrontational and escape-avoidance behaviours for the management of stressful situations and less planned problem-solving strategies when compared to a control group of individuals without ADHD [ 18, 19].
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.
Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com