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The general definition of β x used here refers to the association with a specific exposure intensity x compared to a reference value x0.
Open image in new window Fig. 2 The o/e LHR is calculated by taking the ratio of the lung area divided by the head circumference, compared to a reference value for that gestational age.
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The maximum cluster-level test statistic was then compared to a reference distribution of maximum cluster t-value sums obtained by randomly interchanging the labels of the baseline and activation period and recalculating the cluster-level test statistic 1000 times.
While there has been a long tradition of judging imaging tests by their sensitivity, specificity, negative and positive predictive values compared to a reference standard, such studies are often subject to selection bias in cancer populations.
Instead of applying a parametric test, REST software performs randomization tests (at least 2,000 randomizations) on groupwise data and calculates expression ratios of target genes compared to a reference gene along with the P-values.
The quantified impact was compared to a certain reference value the average environmental impact of a European citizen in 1 year.
A subsequent projection of the value of stakeholder-led land management was calculated and compared to an existing reference for the value of urban green space from The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity database.
In the present study, we found a 40% decrease in FRC as compared to its reference value in SP, confirming previous results [18].
This cost function is compared to some reference value.
As above, orthogonal comparisons were used to determine differences between pairs of itch stimuli, compared to the reference value, set for time point = 30 seconds.
When the electrode tip touched the surface of the dura, both the tip resistance and the baseline noise would increase 2 3 times compared to the reference value.
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