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We conducted an empirical study with human subjects in a complex multi-level building and compared thinking aloud protocols and performance measures of experienced and inexperienced participants in different wayfinding tasks.
In an fMRI study that compared thinking about physical causality (physical event and its consequences) versus intentional causality (a subject's intentions and its consequences), the precuneus/posterior cingulate cortex was found to subserve reasoning about intentional causality [33], a function that usually develops before false belief understanding.
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We could then compare thinking processes (i) between the courses representing different disciplines and (ii) between different pedagogical tools within each course.
The researchers found main effects for clothing such that as compared to thinking about wearing a sweater, thinking about wearing a bathing suit resulted in higher state self-objectification, higher state body shame, higher state body dissatisfaction, and greater negative mood.
He compared baktun thinking to our own references to the Roaring '20s or Swinging '60s.
Compared with thinking about an ordinary event from autobiographical memory, nostalgic reverie led people to have fewer death-related thoughts.
Their primary concern, as in many other places, is to produce the few outstanding mathematicians and scientists who can compete with other countries, compared to thinking about educating the entire population to their highest potential.
Consistent with this view, experimental findings (Hayes, Hirsch, & Mathews, 2008) have shown that – compared to thinking about other topics – worry does indeed deplete the ability to exert attentional control, particularly in pathological worriers.
Students are active participants in observing, comparing and thinking with the aim of enhancing a proactive behavior towards environmental conservation and protection.
We compare complexity thinking of modern economies, deriving from their emerging ecosystem design, with traditional thinking conceived for industrial era, drawing insights for a better transition to innovation-led growth.
To compare student thinking with expert thinking, we combined the text from a PNAS review article titled "Meiosis: how could it work?" (Kleckner, 1996) and a passage on meiosis from Molecular Biology of the Cell, 4th Edition (Alberts et al., 2002), omitting all in-text citations, titles, author names, and figure legends.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com