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The authors compared item reliability for all respondents and for cancer survivors.
To identify possible order effects we compared item means and scale means between the two versions.
18 The two versions produced were then assessed and compared item by item by the authors and the bilingual translator.
We compared item and scale agreements from the two block faces with chi-square for categorical items, and intra-class correlations (ICC) for the summary scale.
Reliability estimates of the Angoff method have also used different panel composition on the same test – Verhoven et al [ 10] compared item writers to recent graduates and found that recent graduates showed more agreement and produced more reliable estimates.
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Once again, the interRAI AC versions in the different languages were compared item-by-item to the other Belgian instruments.
Furthermore, when the two groups were compared, items 2, 11, 17 and 19 demonstrated significant DIF.
This was interpreted as reflecting the use of mental imagery to establish the relative size of compared items.
Fair measurement results from Rasch conformity and has been tested, for example, when comparing item parameter estimates for students who had received cognitively activating instruction vs. conventional instruction.
This approach allows us to compare item difficulties (Adams et al. 2012), but it does also influence the interpretation of students' abilities.
In this study, by comparing item difficulty estimates of the statements to test-takers' person ability estimates, the VELC Test® scores were able to show what they could do with their English.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com