The surface roughness of the membranes is quantitatively compared by the surface roughness parameters obtained from AFM analysis (Table 1).
The change of surface property was compared by contact angles, surface energy, X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS), attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) measurement.
Furthermore, the measuring data of the acoustic signals are compared by measuring noise from surface vibration, and the results are valid.
A data processing pipeline, created in the open source application OpenMS®, was developed to map the components within the mixture of equal mass across a library of HPLC columns; LC×LC separation space utilisation was compared by measuring the fractional surface coverage, fcoverage.
The growth states of solid electrolyte interface (SEI) films of Li deposits on the Li Zn alloy and Cu surfaces are compared by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS); exchange current densities of Li electrodeposition on Cu, Zn, and Li Zn alloy substrates are also compared based on tests of constant current pulse deposition.
Mean surface tension after the first and second compressions, and difference between initial applied force and surface tension were compared by Student's t-test.
Our examination showed that 500 μg ml-1 of HDA prevented adhesion of S. mutans to the P19 cell surfaces effectively as compared by untreated S. mutans cultures.
When Gorter and Grendel compared the surface covered by the lipids to the estimated sum of cell surfaces, they found a 2 1 ratio.
By comparing the computed surface vorticities, surface pressures, and aerodynamic force coefficients with existing numerical/experimental data in the cases of circular cylinders and aerofoils, it was shown that the present approach is more accurate in modelling the flow features and force coefficients without making different ad hoc assumptions for different geometries.
Predictions based on an analytical formula are compared with surface slips computed by the FE method.
