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The G-banding comparison demonstrates that most homologous chromosomes or chromosomal segments between T. belangeri and G. variegatus defined by comparative painting also show matching G-banding patterns.
Heat maps used to graphically depict positions of chromosome sequence reads in genomes of related species resemble the classical comparative painting.
Comparative painting with whole chromosome-specific paints of M. californicus demonstrates an extensive chromosomal reorganization within the two lineages of nectarivorous phyllostomids, with a large number of chromosomes shared between M. californicus and G. soricina.
However, the mapping results for these three genes are not consistent with the giant panda-human comparative painting data (Table 3) owing to the problem of identifying chromosome order.
The homologous relationship of chromosomes between human and giant panda has been established on the basis of comparative painting studies [ 13], so we deduced the approximate chromosome locations of the ten giant panda genes (Table 3) according to their human chromosome homologues [ 14].
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The extensive agreement between ancestral genome reconstructions based respectively upon comparative chromosome painting and E-painting is strongly supportive of the validity of the E-painting approach.
Comparative chromosome painting of chicken autosomal paints 1-9 in nine different bird species.
However, models of ancestral eutherian genome organization constructed from such genome sequence alignments display considerable differences with respect to the assignment of ancestral syntenic groups, when compared to models derived from comparative chromosome painting data [ 12, 19, 20, 59].
Since this methodology relies upon in silico gene order comparisons using genome sequence data from different species, an approach reminiscent of comparative chromosome painting, the in silico approach has been termed 'E-painting' (electronic chromosome painting) [ 22].
However, comparative chromosome painting is inadequate to the task of comparing the genomes of species which have been separated for more than 100 million years.
(a) Outline of the ancestral karyotype segments determined by comparative chromosome painting techniques26,27 in A. thaliana chromosomes.
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