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The selective increase of a single type of parenchymal Aβ deposit suggests that different pathways lead to formation of diffuse and compact plaques.
Herein is demonstrated that the burden of diffuse Aβ deposits but not compact plaques is increased when tg-Swe mice are crossed with tg-ArcSwe mice synthesizing low levels of Arctic Aβ.
In FDD, parenchymal compact plaques are consistently absent, whereas neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) are the major histological finding in the hippocampus [3], [12].
Furthermore, in FDD, Alzheimer's Aβ co-deposits with ADan, mainly in vascular and perivascular amyloid lesions and less in parenchymal preamyloid deposits [12], while compact plaques are not frequent [2], [12], [15].
We did not observe significant microgliosis in the hippocampus prior to Aβ deposition in the APP or APP/CCL2 mouse brain as compared to non-Tg littermates, although we did see accumulation of microglia surrounding either diffuse or compact plaques.
The rare, small compact plaques in the Purkinje and granular layers, and infrequent CAA were labelled by 6-CN-PiB.
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After cells were treated with 10 µM icaritin for 24 h, the staining pattern of cytochrome c became diffuse and blurred (Fig. 4C) in contrast to the compact, plaque-like appearance of cytochrome c in the control cells treated with vehicle, indicating the release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria into the cytosol in icaritin-treated cells.
Because the 4G8 and 6E10 antibodies recognise various forms of Aβ, while Congo red stains only mature, compacted plaques, a reasonable deduction is that NIr treatment reduces only the transient, recently formed Aβ deposits, with no substantial effect on mature plaques.
The intense 6-CN-PiB labelling of all compact cored plaques, the weaker labelling of diffuse cortical, striatal and hippocampal plaques, and the complete absence of labelling in cerebellar fleecy amyloid may be due to higher amyloid fibril density in the compact cored plaques.
In the PSAPP mice, there was disorganization of the neuronal architecture by compact amyloid plaques, and the average number of neurons was 8 to 10% fewer than the other groups (NS, P > 0.10) in CA1 and 2 to 20% fewer in frontal cortex (NS, P = 0.31).
Compact Aβ plaques are likely associated with increased presence of reactive glial cells.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com