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Additionally, some of the commuting measures are better suited for longitudinal analyses of a single metro region and others more suited to comparisons across metro regions.
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Commuting efficiency measures the impact of commuting on urban spatial and social environments.
We are unaware of any earlier population studies that focused specifically on the relationship of active commuting and measures of socioeconomic position across multiple ethnic groups.
In contrast to our study, few other studies have focused on both leisure time physical activity level and active commuting as measures of physical activity, and the association with academic achievement.
Excess or wasteful commuting is measured as the proportion of actual commute that is over minimum (optimal) commute when assuming that people could freely swap their homes and jobs in a city.
To reduce commuting cost (measured by combined travel distance and time), it is an ideal planning to layout houses, working places, and services close to each other (i.e., mixed-use development pattern).
6 10 31 Leisure-time physical activity (including commuting) was measured with questions about average weekly hours of physical activity in four intensity grades.
The cost of his commute was measured in how many pairs of shoes he had to buy.
Studies usually rely on survey data to define actual commute, and measure the optimal commute at an aggregate zonal level by Linear Programming (LP).
It was twice the price of my last bike, even factoring in the then larger Cyclescheme tax relief, but it's a super smooth ride, that has without doubt improved my already enjoyable daily 14-mile round commute beyond measure.
"We can all increase our activity when working or commuting with simple measures such as avoiding lifts, walking more, cycling to work and getting off the bus or tube one extra stop away".
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