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Meanwhile, oil, the essential fuel that allows us to hop continents and make what was once a several-days journey into a daily commute, flows into the Gulf of Mexico in great underwater plumes, befouling the sea and slaughtering its inhabitants.
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The proposed approach is demonstrated for synthetic cities with different population distributions and daily commute flow characteristics, as well as for a case study of the Detroit Warren Livonia MSA.
Hierarchies of commuting flows.
The report also showed high commuting flows for British workers compared with those in other rich countries.The government is right to stress the complexity of regional disparities.
We produce a large variety of definitions of cities (approximatively 5000) by aggregating local Census units corresponding to the systematic combination of three definitional criteria: density, commuting flows and population cutoffs.
Many studies have addressed these issues by examining excess commuting at the aggregate level, and most aggregated measurements of excess commuting are based on home-to-work commuting flows between zones.
In this paper, we perform a thorough comparison between these two approaches in their ability at estimating commuting flows by testing them against empirical trip data at different scales and coming from different countries.
We show that the gravity law performs better than the intervening opportunities laws to estimate the commuting flows, to preserve the structure of the network and to fit the commuting distance distribution although it fails at predicting commuting flows at large distances.
"The strong commuting flows across the area also strengthen Swansea Bay's case".
As commuting flows are denser in urban areas, Figure 3 shows a zoom-in version of commuting flows in Lisbon and Porto.
Figure 3 Commuting flows in urban areas; (a) Lisbon and (b) Porto.
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