In this way, epiphytic lichens communities may constitute an effective indicator of community-level diversity in for aspen-dependent species at-large.
Community-level diversity metrics (i.e. beta diversity, in contrast to the within-community, alpha diversity presented in the present study) would elucidate species turnover and gradients in species turnover in space and time.
Bacteria phage coevolution plays an important role in shaping genotypic, phenotypic and community-level diversity (Weinbauer & Rassoulzadegan, 2004; Rodriguez Valeraa et al., 2009; Avrani et al., 2011).
DNA was pooled into two groups, center and edge transects and 3 m and 7 m transects, to measure differences in community level and taxonomic level diversity of fungal ITS target DNA in these two habitat types.
Standard measurements of diversity (Shannon Diversity), richness (ACE), and dominance (Simpson Dominance) were used to estimate community level and taxonomic diversity of fungal ITSusing EstimateS [ 38].
Statistical tests dependent on taxonomic categories often fail to detect community level differences in diversity [ 5].
Measures of species abundance and diversity at the community level, along with measures of functional diversity that incorporate information on species traits, provide opportunities for complementary insights into biodiversity responses to disturbances.
In addition to research on individual level behavior change, gaps remain in the development and testing of community level interventions for a diversity of communities experiencing health disparities.
At the community level, the non-host macrofaunal diversity decreased with temperature in the low parasitism treatments whereas it increased with temperature in the high parasitism treatments.
Productivity responses at the community level are dependent on species diversity, plant community composition, and plant growth forms (functional groups).
