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As expected, equal-fitness competition resulted in small intermixing indexes at all community heights.
(B ) In simulations using the fitness model, facultative cooperation conferring smaller fitness benefits required greater community heights to exhibit a significant level of intermixing.
To confirm that partners intermixed in cooperative but not non-cooperative communities, we obtained vertical cross-sections of competitive, commensal, and cooperative communities at their maximal community heights ('Cryosectioning' for experimental communities in 'Materials and methods').
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In any unit of analysis, community height is the value such that 90% of height values are below it.
Vertical sections from the edges were taken at a height approximately half of the maximum community height at the center.
Since the intermixing index can be a function of community height, we compared intermixing indexes of simulated communities at equivalent heights.
To compare levels of intermixing in different communities, we estimated the number of cell type transitions spanning community height.
We weighted c(x i ) by the local community height h(x i ), thus giving more emphasis to taller regions.
The intermixing indexes in these communities increased linearly as a function of community height, because these communities exhibited fixed-size patches associated with the spatial localization of benefits.
In contrast, the intermixing index in obligatory cooperative communities increased proportionally to community height in both experiments and the diffusion model.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.00230.022 Vertical cross-sections of independent D. vulgaris– M. maripaludis biofilms indeed exhibited increasing intermixing as a function of community height.
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