Sea level fluctuations are reconstructed by studying biological community replacement patterns through well-exposed stratigraphic sequences and then comparing the timing of trends on an interregional to intercontinental basis.
Depending on the desired post-mining plant community, substrate replacement, both quantity and type, is critical.
Focusing on the reaction of the soil fauna to forest conversion, this study investigates the response of the Collembola community to replacement of beech by spruce or by mixed stands of beech and spruce.
If a selected case was known to be unable to participate prior to travelling to their community, a replacement reported case was selected randomly from the list of reported cases.
That kind of abrupt excommunication is a fairly common experience, and many atheist networks — including hundreds on college campuses — become replacement communities and de facto dating services for many people involved.
Now the US government, like that in the UK, is using various devices to effectively privatise what remains of public housing, leading to wholesale demolition and displacement, the destruction of communities and the replacement of genuinely affordable homes with mixed-income housing, to which few of the original residents return.
Already, Google has been positioning its newer Google+ Communities as a replacement for Google Groups, forums and other online message boards.
Specific emm sequence types of GCS/GGS did not appear to cycle through the communities (sequential strain replacement) in a manner suggesting acquisition of type-specific immunity.
Likewise, Daufresne and others (2003) showed that rising water temperatures in the Upper Rhône River was correlated with long-term changes in fish and macroinvertebrate communities, including the replacement of cold-water species with thermophilic species.
Barnet, he claimed, was engaged in gerrymandering through a "systematic destruction" of a Labour-voting community and their replacement with "more affluent residents and voters – this is inevitably going to give political advantage to the Conservatives who run this council".
