Melting ice will contribute to sea level rise, with consequences for coastal communities, ecosystems and cities.
Such evaluations can range from the individual species to populations, communities, ecosystems or the landscape scale.
Callicott (1989) and others have followed Aldo Leopold's (1949) work in arguing that all levels of biological organization (species, biotic communities, ecosystems) have intrinsic value.
How does the ecosystem service approach affect the relationships between nature conservation policies, communities, ecosystems and species; what are the related uncertainties behind the promises of the ecosystem service framework?
Thus, the impact of NP under current and future exposure scenarios (including co-exposure to other stressors) on communities, ecosystems, ecosystem functions as well as interactions across ecosystem boundaries deserves special attention.
Such invasive species can have a severe effect on native species, communities, ecosystems and economies [2] [4].
Our results lend support to the proposition that temporal stabilization at the lower levels of organization can promote stabilization at the higher levels (communities, ecosystems) [7], [21].
This type of visualization allows subjects (e.g., communities, ecosystems, watersheds, etc).
They can instead be used to analyze the ethical implications of EER with respect to nonhuman biological entities such as individual organisms, species (or other taxonomic groups), populations, communities, ecosystems, and the biosphere.
Patch dynamics has been applied most widely at the population, biological community, ecosystem, and landscape scales.
