A sedentarization policy is seen as a strategy to improve pastoralists' living condition, based on the argument that movement is difficult and hazardous, conflicts occur between farming and grazing communities; difficulty in reaching out to the pastoralists for provision of essential amenities, while uncontrolled movement of the Fulani across national boundaries threatens national security.
Fleck concluded that scientific advance is not cumulative, that conceptual differences between members of different scientific communities cause communication difficulties between them (1979 [1936], 109), and later for historians trying to understand older ideas (1979 [1936], 83 85, 89).
It is acknowledged that issues specific to Indigenous community-based research can impact on the research quality, including time needed to engage with the community, difficulties with recruiting enough participants, high staff turn-over at service providers and culturally-specific delays (e.g. ceremonies or celebrations) [ 14].
► The misalignment of professional incentives and the communication difficulties among communities with different objectives is a common theme in science these days.
Identified barriers and potential threats to policy change included political interference, difficulties of intersectoral collaboration, acceptability of options to the community, difficulty of implementation in rural communities and the challenge of reducing mortality.
Palm Island, like most Aboriginal communities, has difficulties with school attendance, the Principal of St. Michael's has stated that absenteeism averages about 30% among their 160 students.
The rural environment presents extraordinary threats to health (34), with sparse healthcare options in rural communities exacerbating difficulties (24).
Chilean water rights are such that local communities have difficulties claiming water when such claims are at odds with those of private firms, even if communities historically have had non-rivaled access to local water sources (i.e., Bauer 2005).
Yet, children in rural and poor communities have difficulties accessing basic social services due to traditional attitudes towards early marriage for girls, start of work for boys and the looming economic situation.
Internationally, rural communities experience difficulties in accessing health care for reasons such as challenging geography, distance from service centres and reluctance of specialist health professionals to work in remote locations [ 1, 2].
