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In recent months, that debate has focused on a new computer application called Carnivore that the F.B.I. says it uses to sift through millions of e-mail messages in order to monitor communications of criminal suspects.
Whether that's appropriate is up for debate, with some people arguing that law enforcement groups should be able to access the communications of criminal suspects. .
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The Government long characterised the plan to weaken encryption as a way of ensuring that intelligence agencies could get into the communications of criminals.
Putin said the Russian government regulates communications as part of criminal investigations, but "on a massive scale, on an uncontrolled scale we certainly do not allow this and I hope we will never allow it".
Serious concerns have been raised about Carnivore, the new online wiretap system used by the F.B.I. to track the communications of individuals suspected of criminal activity.
The now published operational case for bulk EQ, as it's known, and also bulk interception (aka mass surveillance) states that these are "foreign-focused powers" — allowing the security and intelligence agencies to "gather overseas-related communications of terrorists, serious criminals and state based threats in parts of the world where the UK may have a limited or no physical presence".
It lowered the burden of proof for government wiretapping of suspects and weakened longstanding judicial supervision, increasing the likelihood that the government would intercept the communications of Americans with no criminal involvement.
If a government spy or law enforcement agency needs help intercepting the communications of some terrorist or criminal using apps like WhatsApp or iMessage, they'll need to shell out more money than ever.
But the fact that data is leaving the jurisdiction of national courts has worried some governments who fear they may not be able to monitor the communications of terrorists and other criminals, even for reasons of national security.
The disclosures reflect the breadth of targets sought by the agencies, which goes far beyond the desire to intercept the communications of potential terrorists and criminals, or diplomats and officials from hostile countries.
"What the state needs and law enforcement needs is the possibility of accessing the communications of the terrorists, the criminals, the kidnappers, the proliferators, the paedophiles.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com