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Communication and supervision failures were found among parents, as well as punishment practices through psychological and physical aggression.
By middle childhood (ages 7 11), there may be a shift toward mutual coregulation of secure-base contact in which caregiver and child negotiate methods of maintaining communication and supervision as the child moves toward a greater degree of independence.
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At an interpersonal level relationship variables (partner type) [ 16], parent child communication and parental supervision [ 17] have been shown to be associated with condom use.
Responsiveness was indicated by increases in SEPCQ scores after a course in communication and peer-supervision (Cohen's d (range): 0.21 to 0.73; p: 0.053 to 0.001).
Testing responsiveness, we expected e) that completing the course in communication and peer-supervision would be associated with increased post-course SEPCQ scores.
In students, who were scheduled to take the course in communication and peer-supervision, both CRMTL and CRSE were positively associated with higher scores on the SEPCQ at the beginning of the semester.
Internal consistencies (Cronbach's alpha) were calculated together with the baseline to14-16 weeks test-retest correlation for students who had completed the SEPCQ both before and after a course in communication and peer-supervision (Sample 2B).
A large initial item pool was then constructed based on: a) items from five available published patient questionnaires [ 37– 41] and b) communication-related issues and behaviors described in 15 portfolios produced by medical students in clinical clerkship at university hospital clinics who attended a course on communication and peer-supervision.
Students from Sample 2A who were scheduled to attend the course in communication and peer-supervision also completed a Course-Related Motivation to Learn questionnaire (CRMTL) (10 items) and a Course-related Self-Efficacy questionnaire (CRSE) (5 items), both adapted from the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (MSLQ) [ 44].
A salient finding from the in-depth interviews was the importance that staff gave to support from colleagues and management, through communication, team work and supervision.
The guide was developed to focus participants' views regarding administrative and management issues that included: pre-placement preparations, communication, student welfare and supervision.
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