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The driving idea is that advanced jazz training thrives best by a communal model, unencumbered by bureaucracy, hierarchy or dogma.
China is perhaps the biggest example of a whole country abandoning its communal model only to reinvent in the late 90s as the New Cooperative Medical Scheme and invest heavily in it since, as a means of covering the whole of its rural population [ 26].
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It also has an online environment (MICEspace) for collation and analysis of data from communal models and discussion boards on subjects such as the welfare of ageing animals and common endpoints for intervention studies.
Based on a communal coping model, the prediction was that the presence of an observer during a pain procedure would differentially influence the display of pain behaviour in high and low catastrophizers.
The communal coping model of catastrophizing predicts that high pain catastrophizers display more pain expression in the presence of another, regardless of the threat value of the pain, while a cognitive appraisal model predicts high pain catastrophizers to express more pain when pain has increased threat value, regardless of social context.
Social participation plays a key role within the Communal Coping Model.
The Communal Coping Model [ 13, 14] focuses on social behavioral dimensions of catastrophizing and opposes an overly "individualistic" conceptualization of pain coping processes.
The surprising result, namely, that those patients more satisfied with social participation experience less improvement regarding catastrophizing, can be explained by ceiling effects and the Communal Coping Model.
Perhaps, the Communal Coping Model of pain catastrophizing [ 13] in combination with the ceiling effect phenomenon may help us to explain this finding.
The surprisingly close association between satisfaction with participation and catastrophizing is compatible with the Communal Coping Model and makes us suspect that pain treatment would benefit from more intense integration of psychosocial measures to encourage participation.
This finding can be explained by referring to the Communal Coping Model, which postulates that high pain catastrophizers might engage in exaggerated pain expression in order to maximize proximity and empathic responses from others [ 12].
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com