Yet productive mobile pastoralism depends on functional livestock mobility, communal land tenure, and flexible governance systems that support pastoral adaptation strategies.
They attributed such low utilization to poor infrastructure, mobility, communal land use and tenure, destructive resource use and lawlessness (Little et al. 2010a; Getachew 2004; Ayalew 2001, 2004; Kejela et al. 2007; Helland 2006; Getachew et al. 2004).
Pastoralism practised by the majority of Turkana and Pokot ethnic groups is mainly nomadic transhumance, which is characterised by risk-spreading and flexible mechanisms, such as mobility, communal land ownership, large and diverse herd sizes, and herd separation and splitting (Opiyo et al. 2011).
Mobility and communal pooling were the two key categories of adaptation strategies in Mongolia, and they were shaped and facilitated by local communal institutions.
Such policy approach restricted access to the communal grazing lands and mobility between the dry and wet season grazing areas by weakening the traditional rangeland and water management practices.
Pastoralists are able to thrive in these environments, overcoming uncertainty through mobility and communal use of resources.
communal living; communalism". .
Yet, later in the pipeline science education devalues prosocial communal goals creating a structural mobility barrier among FGS.
The practices included herd mobility (38%), maintaining communal land tenure system (32%), kinship ties and relationships (11%), keeping large herd sizes (9%), pasture management (6%), and reservation of dry season grazing refuges (4%).
By restricting mobility and dividing communal rangelands, veterinary cordon fences could have potentially detrimental impacts upon pastoralists and their flexible systems of resource access, yet apart from several brief time-bound assessments the exact societal costs of this approach remain poorly understood (see, e.g. Hobbs 1981,Hitchcock 1995,2002,Scott Wilson Resource Consultants 2000).
