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The items belonging to the communal factor had the lowest factor loadings.
The communal factor showed the worst fit, and the environmental factor showed an excellent fit to the data.
However, caution is needed when considering the discriminant validity of the Communal factor, as the √AVE values for this factor were poor, particularly with regard to its relationship with the personal factor.
Inspection of the AVE values for all the factors suggests that the communal factor lack convergent validity (.36), the personal factor shows almost acceptable convergent validity (.47) and the environmental and transcendental factors show acceptable convergent validity (.55 and.66, respectively).
Similar(56)
In addition, the personal and communal factors were extremely highly correlated (r = 0.92), suggesting similarity and redundancy.
As our study is the first to assess the discriminant validity of the SWBQ factors using AVE, further research is required to confirm the overlap between the personal and communal factors.
In other words, the analyses provided insufficient evidence of the convergent validity of the personal and communal factors, as the variance shared between these dimensions and its indicators is smaller than the measurement error variance.
Included communal factors were relevant for both delivery and PNC.
Communal factors were relevant for both delivery and postnatal care, whereas the characteristics of a health facility were more relevant for use of skilled delivery care than other maternity services.
We find that PES reduced the number of households grazing livestock on collective lands by 12%, however, household and communal governance factors are also instrumental in determining land-use decisions.
Model 7 was the same as the original four-factor oblique model, but without items 8, 9 and 15, as suggested in another Portuguese validation study (Gouveia & Marques, 2012), i.e. four-item personal, communal and transcendental factors and a five-item environmental factor.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com