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The net effect of this doctrine is radical empowerment of what normally suffers under modern political settlements – individual sovereignty and communal autonomy.
The message of the geniza is, rather, that despite legal and social inferiority and payment of an annual poll tax, Jews enjoyed freedom of religion, communal autonomy and untrammeled economic opportunity.
In the 14th century a new political problem arose: the large towns, especially Ghent, began trying to establish communal autonomy against the counts in the manner of independent city-states.
The so-called Pact of Omar in the early 8th century formalised the rights of non-believers under Muslim rule: in return for personal safety, security of property, freedom of worship and communal autonomy, Jews and Christians had to accept inferior dhimmi status and consent to payment of the jizya (poll) tax to the local ruler.
During the period of emancipation, some Jews wanted to have strengthened "external protections" (see section 1.2 above) for their communal autonomy, but the main force of emancipation pushed in a different direction.
And, although their communal autonomy had already begun to weaken in the 17th and 18th centuries (Ettinger 1976: 750), Jewish communities in Europe at the outset of emancipation fit the main features of groups that Kymlicka characterizes as "national minorities" with the right of self-government (1995: 18; see section 1.2 above).
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Mr. Berger recognizes the need for what he calls "balancing institutions" - to "balance the anonymous aspects of individual autonomy with communal solidarity" - but he doesn't seem to recognize the need for balancing institutions to counteract the instabilities of capitalism itself.
Again the Pareto criterion conflicts with a (minimal) requirement of communal self-governance or autonomy.
This concept, variously expressed across the traditional cultures of Africa, in effect establishes a dialectic relationship and balance between individual autonomy and communal values.
communal living; communalism". .
Thousands of trees were destroyed in traditional Mayan territory, sparking protests among Maya communities, two of which won a case in the Belizean Supreme Court in 2007 that granted them greater autonomy over their communal landholdings.
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