For example, dispersal is commonly associated with increased mortality [ 2].
Although some lichen-forming fungal lineages have geographically restricted distributions, (e.g. [ 10, 14]), there is mounting evidence that transoceanic dispersal has commonly occurred within some lichenized fungi and has played a major role in diversification within Parmeliaceae [ 12, 33, 34].
A disquieting fraction of it, however, might be useful for what the American defense bureaucracy calls a "radioactive dispersal device," more commonly known as a dirty bomb.
The homogeneous metapopulation shows spatiotemporally synchronous dynamics in the long-term, which is independent of the exact forms of the dispersal function considered commonly.
Fuzzy logic offers a robust, easily adaptable, and computationally efficient alternative to the traditional numerical solution of complex, coupled differential equations commonly used to model sediment dispersal in stratigraphic models.
Among phenotypic traits, the most commonly used in analyses of seed dispersal networks are the disperser bill width and fruit diameter (i.e. this will determine whether or not a seed can be swallowed and dispersed), as well as accessibility restrictions by frugivores (e.g. Rezende et al. 2007; Olesen et al. 2011; Burns 2013).
Pre-dispersal seed predation commonly occurs in Pedicularis species (Menges et al. 1986).
It's no surprise then that understanding and learning how to deal with the real threat from Radiological Dispersal Devices (RDD), known commonly as "dirty bombs," is of top concern to the national security of countries around the world.
Using an arsenal of military helicopters and all-terrain vehicles, attack dogs, and standard-practice blunt force beatings and tackles, the tactics inflict psychological and physical injury and "commonly result in the disorientation and dispersal of individuals and groups into life-threatening terrain".
Natural and prehistoric invasions most likely involve short-distance dispersal, whereas human vectors commonly involve saltatory transport of organisms and long-distance dispersal events [1].
