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Reactor design is commonly constrained to already well-known reactor shapes.
The absolute motions of the lithospheric plates relative to the Earth's deep interior are commonly constrained using observations from paleomagnetism and age-progressive seamount trails.
Western strategies of urban greenspace provision are difficult to implement or retrofit in most Asian cities, commonly constrained by a high-density compact form.
The utilization of renewable energy sources is commonly constrained by the building form and the site environment particularly in a densely-populated city which limits the space available to install the respective facilities.
Whereas the geothermal gradient for a given region is commonly constrained to a sufficient degree, estimates of porosities, fracture systems, permeabilities, and therefore the achievable convective heat flow in a planned fractured reservoir are subject to large uncertainties (Agemar et al. 2012; Domenico and Palciauskas 1973).
The PRCs were commonly constrained by a lack of time, resources and/or skills from conducting a critical review of the scientific evidence for all the content areas of the prenatal record.
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These factors commonly constrain or alter treatment choices, making treatment decisions more complex and often not amenable to available evidence-based guidelines.
We discuss the implications of these in situ stress magnitudes and UCS values for the faulting regime and for empirical relations between rock strength and P-wave velocity that are commonly used to constrain stress magnitudes using borehole breakouts.
Firstly, low genetic diversity, where small or homogeneous populations lack the genetic "raw material" for adaptation is commonly assumed to constrain adaptation [ 5].
In addition, the performance of ESDA is tested using constrained engineering problems commonly used in literature by comparing its performance with the other ones statistically.
Furthermore, when simulations were constrained to a commonly used value from previous genome-scale models (i.e. 1 mmol/g DW h-1) [ 18, 63], the ATP maintenance expenditure is fixed with a higher value than the output of the maintenance equation proposed in this paper.
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