However, as the diversity and order of PfEMP1 variants in the human host is influenced by immune responses and other host factors (Kyriacou et al., 2006; Warimwe et al., 2009), attempts to elucidate the underlying patterns of antigenic change and estimate related switching parameters are commonly based on in vitro cultured parasites in the absence of selection pressure.
The degree of hardness in water is commonly based on the classification listed in Table 5 (Sawyer and Mc Carty, 1967).
Most studies of thin tephra relate to their use as chronostratigraphic marker beds and are commonly based on tephra preserved in lakes and/or swamp deposits.
In environmental toxicology, exposure assessment is commonly based on quantifying chemical concentrations in the exposure medium (e.g., water or soil), although there is increasing recognition that quantification of intraorganism concentrations provides a better means to link exposure to toxicological effect.
Prediction of genetic merit is most commonly based on linear regression models, in which the genomic breeding value (GEBV) for an individual is computed as the sum of the marker effects multiplied by the specific individual allelic variants across the entire genome [ 1].
The judgment of the doctor of whether to treat the infection with antibiotics is commonly based on clinical symptoms and in some cases is supported by laboratory tests, such as white blood cell counts, CRP concentrations, and rapid tests for bacterial or viral agents (15).
Clinical guidelines are commonly based on inadequate evidence, suggesting deficiencies in the present portfolio of clinical research.
The degree of hardness in water is commonly based on the classification: (0 75) soft, (75 150) moderately hard, (150 300) hard, (300) very hard (Todd and Mays 2005).
Change in performance is commonly based on a multi prong intervention of which "people development" is only one of the elements.
The diagnosis of clinical forms of leishmaniasis is commonly based on visualization of the parasite in Giemsa-stained smears by microscopy and culture.
