Two individuals whose native language was English but were also proficient in Greek acted as back-translators of the common translation in Greek, producing two separate translations.
Subsequently, the translators met with the principal investigator to agree on a common translations, discuss the differences, and alternatives decisions were made according to three criteria: clarity, use of common language, and conceptual equivalence.
The resulting common forward translation was translated back into English by two independent, professional translators whose native language was English.
2. The two translators worked with one of authors (S.E.J). to develop a common consensus translation (CCT).
A common failure of translators rendering the technical terms of the Indian epistemological schools into the technical terms, or even not so technical, of English and analytic philosophy, is ignorance of the latter.
We've all seen Star Trek's universal translator, and translating devices are common in science fiction.
However, they differ in properties such that TLRisk uses a Markovian chain model and risk minimization and TTI uses the "topic-space" as a common subspace in the translator.
(A translator who translates technical manuals, for example, may find that many sentences are common to manuals for a range of similar products, such as cameras or printers).
Pocket electronic translators are the size of a calculator, can cost under $20 (check [1] and Sort low to high price), and translate common words and phrases.
The common idea is that the translator is a slave to the original text.
