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For comparison purposes the common reading frame 16090 16365 of the HVS-I was used.
Full mitochondrial control regions were amplified and sequenced according to EMPOP recommendations [8] resulting in sequences with a common reading frame from position 16024 to 576.
For this purpose a common reading frame was set to 16,024 16,482 (excluding ntps 16,251 16,253) and 31 576 representing the maximum overlapping coverage of both assays.
The basic idea is, for test profile t, to maximize the likelihood of the base profile b Lt(b) = ∏ i r(b i → t i ) where the product is taken over all positions i of the common reading frame and r denotes the fluctuation rate.
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Enrichments were seen for all of the tripeptides that can be specified by uptake sequences, both those in the preferred reading frames and those in the less common reading frames.
This suggests that uptake sequences in the less common reading frames may have been selected against because they reduce the translatability of the amino acids they encode and thus reduce fitness.
Taken together this indicates that at least two Bmf isoforms can be translated from a single mRNA (14), due to alternative start site usage from a common open reading frame.
The common region open reading frame (ORF) 513 was found upstream of the blaCTX-M-2 gene (data not shown) (10 ).
To investigate whether the use of common tripeptides causes the reading frame biases, we plotted how often each uptake sequence used each reading frame against the mean frequency of the US-encodable tripeptide in the three genomes without that uptake sequence (to exclude the peptide enrichment associated with uptake sequences in their own genomes) (fig. 2 A ).
The deletion of exon 9 is known as a common splice variant maintaining the reading frame in dogs and humans [17], [18] (Figure 1A).
First, uptake sequences are more common in some reading frames than others, and preferential use of these reading frames has been hypothesized to reduce the impact of uptake sequences on protein function (Karlin et al. 1996; Smith et al. 1999).
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