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Common pilot channel.
Therefore, the geometry factor can be provided by UE-side measurement of the downlink common pilot channel [14].
where P Tx_SU is the initial SU transmit power, P Tx_C is the predetermined transmitted power of the common pilot channel, P Rx_C is the measured power of the common pilot channel at the SU receiver, L A is the additional gain, loss, and tolerances, S R is the required SINR, and P Rx_SU_I is the interfering power.
Having received the access granted message, the UE tries to catch the common pilot signal which comes from the eNB though a forward link common pilot channel (F-CPCH).
For example in UMTS, RSS values correspond to the common pilot channel (CPICH) received signal code power (RSCP) [19], meanwhile in LTE/LTE-A, the equivalent measurement is the reference signal received power (RSRP) [20].
In cellular networks, an MS measures received signal code power on a common pilot channel (CPICH) in Universal Mobile Telecommunications System UMTS and RSSSS on a broadcast control channel (BCCH) in GSM systems to determine the received signal level.
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Legacy HSDPA terminals are equipped with one receive antenna and they can estimate channels of two different BS antennas from primary common pilot channels (P-CPICHs) and define the beamforming feedback that is then sent to the BS through a dedicated feedback channel.
Although this approach is highly suboptimal, it is very simple to implement, and its performance can be encouraging especially in UMTS cellular networks [28] where, due to downlink omnidirectional strong common pilot channels, the overall leakage power appears to be almost white noise.
Here, dedicated pilots allow per-cluster beamforming since channel estimation is performed per-cluster, whereas for common pilots channel estimation across the whole band is allowed.
Note that this concept based on coarse synchronization also enables to estimate user channels based on common pilot-based channel estimation techniques.
Finally, note that if the CFOs are kept small, the signal degradation from ICI is limited, and thus common pilot-based channel estimation techniques can still be used to obtain channel estimates of sufficient quality.
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