As expected, the speed is not a strong function of time and fluctuates about a common mean value.
This aligns both series to a common mean value during their period of overlap without modifying the individual trends, and, thus, the composite δDpore ice and δ18Opore ice records (Fig. 2d, e) also accurately depict the raw δpore ice trends.
The data obtained from NASCArrays, from 72 experiments comprising of 956 Affymetrix ATH1 microarray slides, had already been normalized with the Affymetrix MAS 5.0 algorithm to the common mean value of 100.
K-means clustering [ 34] was performed for all 3,740 genes, and the expression levels acquired under 10 culture conditions were normalized to a common mean value of zero and a variance of one.
It is well known, however, that these techniques are not well suited for assessing agreement between different analytical methods, and thus, we also analyzed our data according to the method by Bland and Altman [ 22, 23]: the differences between the two methods (bias = mGFR – eGFR) are plotted against the common mean values.
Due to the stochastic nature of the fatigue damage under random stresses, a deterministic approach cannot be adopted, however, according to the common practice, a mean value of the damage can be assessed, paying attention that the time history used is sufficiently long.
The content of each column in Table 3 includes three or four (only when the inclination is equal to zero) data points, which are, sequentially, the number of the common view passes, the mean value of the common view period across all the passes (minutes), the root of covariance of all the common view periods across all the passes (minutes), and the sum of all the common view period (minutes).
To make the watermarking method robust to common attacks, a pixel mean value based pixel groups selection method is presented to select several suitable pixel groups for watermark embedding.
When designing the orbit, several rules need be followed: Rule 1: There exists a common view period during every pass; Rule 2: The mean value of the common view period should be as large as possible; Rule 3: The difference of the common view period among the passes should be as small as possible.
When within-species variation in group size is high, the common practice of using a mean value to represent the species may be inappropriate.
This is illustrated in Figure 1, which shows the PRIAL for Σ G for q = 9 traits, with individual cases in declining order of the PRIAL obtained using P λ ℓ 2. For strategy V∞, penalties on canonical eigenvalues that assumed a common mean performed best when populations values for the λ i were fairly similar, e.g. for R- I and M- I all population values were equal.
