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This cardinal element is closely related to benefit sharing [ 4]; it calls for an equal distribution of resources and encourages global policies that foster a homogeneous state of affairs among all states with respect to common heritage resources.
Justice as equality entitles every state as a matter of rights to the benefits derived from the common heritage of humankind and it would be unjust not to share equally the benefits arising from the utilization of these common heritage resources.
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However, the duty to preserve and sustain resources does not imply that resources are common heritage for all; rather, resources are the property of the states [ 10].
Consideration was also given to the Southern Ocean as a global commons and its resources, the "common heritage of mankind", not unlike the situation with the deep-sea bed of the high seas.
The conjecture in human genetic research is that human beings share 99.9% of their genome; as such, human genes are considered to be resources of the common heritage of humankind, and all humans ought to share the collective duty to explore their genetic resources, preserve them and share equally the benefits derived from their utilization.
These United Nations agreements emphasize that the moon (and other celestial bodies) should be explored for the benefit of all mankind; that its exploration should prevent disruption of its environment; and that its resources are the common heritage of all mankind.
If we really wish to put an end to our ongoing international and social problems we must eventually declare Earth and all of its resources as the common heritage of all the world's people.
Unlike the common heritage of humankind concept, in the context of genetic resources, states hold a sovereign right over their natural resources and can grant access to those that require to utilize such resources under a condition of Prior Informed Consent (PIC) and Mutually Agreed Terms (MAT) of appropriate benefit sharing [ 16].
"The common heritage of mankind... (T he exploitation of its resources shall be carried out for the benefit of mankind as a whole, irrespective of the geographical location of states, whether landlocked or coastal, and taking into particular consideration the interests and needs of the developing countries... ([It ensured) the equitable sharing (of its) benefits".
We examine the discourse on benefit sharing within three main spheres; namely: common heritage of humankind, access and use of genetic resources according to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), and international clinical research.
Administering resources defined as being for "the common heritage of mankind", the ISA has so far approved 26 contracts of 15 years.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com