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The aspects considered include: dynamic planning horizon, generic supply chain network structure, external supply of materials, inventory opportunities for goods, distribution of commodities, facility configuration, availability of capital for investments, and storage limitations.
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A multi-commodity flow formulation with one commodity per facility is given by (13) (MCF F ) min ∑ ij ∈ A x ij c ij + ∑ i ∈ F z i f i s. t. ∑ ji ∈ A S g ji k − ∑ ij ∈ A S g ij k = z k i = k − z k i = r 0 i ≠ k, r ∀ i ∈ S, ∀ k ∈ F (14) 0 ≤ g ij k ≤ x ij ∀ ij ∈ A S, ∀ k ∈ F (3 ) – (6 ) Eqs. (13) are the flow preservation constraints defining the flow from the root node to each facility.
Choosing one commodity per facility, each variable indicating an open facility is linked to a distinct commodity.
In Punjab, for example, Spice Telecom provides daily updates on bulk rates of agricultural commodities and facilities to buy and sell produce in major wholesale markets.
This translates to more than 100 health care workers involved in managing commodities at facilities providing ART services.
For instance, they may have to sell commodity production facilities like power plants that they have owned in the past.
Afshar and Haghani (2012) proposed a single-objective model to schedule the flow of commodities and locate facility positions.
Several studies have shown effectiveness of SMS interventions to improve health workers' practices, patients' adherence to medications and availability of health facility commodities.
Other approximations of client use are based on quantities of commodities issued by facility storerooms to dispensaries, quantities of commodities issued by warehouses and stores to service delivery points, and forecasted dispensed-to-user data.
The results showed that MTP is an effective and sustainable intervention to build the skills of low-level health care workers managing commodities at ART facilities.
There is also an opportunity for the OBA program to strengthen supply chain management of supplies and commodities within accredited facilities to reduce stock outs.
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