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In addition, Tidelift handles the mundane tasks of setting up open source for commercialization such as handling licensing issues.
Further, national innovative capacity influences downstream commercialization, such as achieving a high market share of high-technology export markets.
Reported researches have showed meaningful cost-effective performances, but suitable methods for practical commercialization such as simple mass production were still remained ongoing researches.
For example, in the mid-2000, a popular idea among universities was that their major income may be from technology commercialization, such as selling patents and licenses.
Nevertheless, there are still many challenges for DEFC commercialization, such as water transport management, EtOH crossover and the sluggish Ethanol Oxidation Reaction (EOR) kinetics on the anode.
Lithium-rich layered oxide materials are very promising but with some weaknesses, which limit their commercialization, such as large irreversible capacity loss at the first cycle, continuing discharge capacity and voltage fading.
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Much past research on commercialization activities by university scientists and engineers has focused on the role of resources in the extra-organizational commercialization environment, such as the availability of venture capital funding.
In order to facilitate academic-based commercialization, legislation, such as the Bayh-Dole Act, provides universities the legal framework for commercializing the research that is developed within university settings.
Commercialization studies such as Goetz ([1992]), Key et al. ([2000]) and Makhura et al. ([2001]) have identified high transaction costs as one of the key reasons for smallholder farmers' failure to participate in markets.
A few issues need to be addressed in immobilization of microalgae before the process can be upgraded to commercialization stage such as (1) stability, (2) leakage of microalgae cells, and (3) mass transfer limitation.
There is also a need to highlight and promote established strategies for minimizing commercialization risks, such as increased and better monitoring of university-industry relationships, mechanisms to reduce research hype, increased government funding of independent research and the use of independent grant review mechanisms to test and mitigate commercialization claims.
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