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The Gas segment includes the activity arising from the gas infrastructure, and the supply and commercialisation activity and Unión Fenosa Gas.
To develop commercialisation activity, universities started building infrastructure, in the form of Technology Licensing Offices (TLOs) responsible for IP management and TT.
The university's vice-chancellor recently credited such state-of-the-art research centres with reversing the so-called "brain drain" of Australian academics to overseas postings as well as significantly boosting national commercialisation activity.
Given that there is a significant variability between UK universities in research power and commercialisation activity, it is useful to take into account universities' research power when comparing the absolute number of patents or licences [ 96].
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Research and research-related commercialisation activities from universities, public research institutes (PRIs) and health institutions contribute to economic growth in significant ways.
Governmental initiatives, such as 'University Challenge' (which provided seed funding) and HEROBC or HEIF (which build knowledge transfer capabilities in universities), have encouraged universities, through the provision of funding, to undertake commercialisation activities (Salter et al. 2000).
In addition to being a physical centre for commercialisation activities, MaRS is intended to act as a living network for its constituents, linking them to individuals, technology, and research centres across the country that can provide the scientific support that they require and, in doing so, foster research collaborations.
First, as license data collected by TTOs only reflect commercialisation activities during the licensing period, which is capped between patent grant date and expiration date, they do not capture any further innovative activity that may continue to impact the economy beyond the licensing period.
Lambert suggested shifting the balance of commercialisation activities towards licensing and concentrating on high-quality spin-outs, as measured by their ability to attract external private equity [ 58].
Others demonstrated that increasing the number of inventions, for which patent applications were made and licences sought, reduced the average "yield" of these commercialisation activities [ 101].
It seems more expedient to assess it on the level of the HEI as a whole and in individual subject-groups use case studies only of the most successful commercialisation activities.
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