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The effect of various formation steps of NOx in combustion is considered via a phenomenological model of combustion speed.
In the case of Spark Ignition (SI) engines, efficiency is a function of the combustion speed, i.e. the speed at which the fresh air fuel mixture is consumed by the flame front.
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In the case of the rough surface without porosity, a globally quasi-steady high-speed flame is produced with a velocity between the combustion products speed of sound and the Chapman Jouguet detonation velocity.
Results indicate that the combustion wave speed is a strong function of the stoichiometry of the mixture and a slightly fuel-rich mixture provides an optimum combustion wave speed regardless of oxidizer synthesis technique.
The dent tests performed on lead witness plates support the experimental observations obtained from pressure time and combustion wave speed measurements of hybrid mixtures.
Oxidizers processed using sol gel chemistry originally contained impurities which retarded the combustion wave speeds.
Combustion wave speeds of nanoscale aluminum (Al) powders mixed with iron oxide (Fe2O3) were measured as a function of Fe2O3 synthesis technique and fuel/oxidizer composition.
When the same oxidizers are annealed at moderate temperatures, the new heat-treated oxidizer shows a dramatic improvement, with combustion wave speeds on the order of 900 m/s.
Total sulfur (TS) was measured by an infrared absorption method after high frequency combustion (High-speed analyzer HWF-900A, Jinan, China).
The bellows was invented in the European Middle Ages and was commonly used to speed combustion, as in a blacksmith's or ironworker's forge, or to operate reed or pipe organs.
Two finite-rate chemistry test cases with methane and hydrogen combustion at supersonic speed demonstrate a strong reduction in required CPU time.
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