K is the combined elastic modulus of the sphere and substrate, defined as K = 4 3 1 - ν 1 2 E 1 + 1 - ν 2 2 E 2, (5). in which ν1,2 and E1,2 are the Poisson ratios and Young moduli of the substrate and sphere, respectively.
This ratio is given by 20 2wheRe R is the reduced radius of the spheres give by 3 E * is the combined elastic modulus of the spheres given by 4 w is the work of adhesion (experimentally determined to 39 mJ m−2 for PDMS-glass adhesion), and z0 is the equilibrium separation (taken to be 0.2 nm, which is the van der Waals radius of Si 26).
Based on the test results, formulas have been presented to determine the combined compressive strength, modulus of elasticity, and peak strain of the concrete mix made of normal-strength DCBs and high-strength FC.
The value of the combined elastic modulus obtained for PDMS lens and semi-infinite flat surface system showed an increase in full agreement with the formation of a silica-like layer exhibiting a high elastic modulus (compared with untreated PDMS).
With a view to achieve optimized gradation, there are various aggregate gradation tools or methods, such as, gradation curve, individual percent retained (IPR) curve, "8-18" band and combined fineness modulus (fineness modulus of total aggregate) etc.
It is then established that the origin of creep strengthening at 823 923 K is due to the combined effects of increased modulus of composites and the refined microstructure.
The combined effects of shear modulus ratio, film thickness, and surface energy on the contact behavior of the thin film are explored, and a schematic map is constructed to reveal the influences of film thickness and material characteristic length, which correlates the geometric configuration (i.e. a film or a half-space) and surface behaviors (i.e. with or without considering the surface effects).
This study found that the Ishai Cohen and Gibson Ashby models can be combined to predict the compressive modulus of the composite foams.
Open image in new window Fig. 9 Comparative evaluation of mechanical properties of six buccal film formulations: a combined illustration of tensile strength and Young's modulus; b combined illustration of elongation-at-break and Young's modulus.
The printed composite scaffold turned out to combine suitable biomechanical properties (Young's modulus of 1.60 ± 0.1 GPa; Martens hardness of 153 ± 28 MPa), matching those of cortical and trabecular bone, with morphogenetic activity.
