Combining harm reduction (e.g., needle exchange programs and supervised injection facilities) and treatment services may be of value to prevent and/or reduce the risk for CIRI development.
29 A few investigators have attempted to estimate the net clinical effect by combining harms and benefits into a single composite outcome.
Apart from the traditionally emphasized ADRs, the other categories of ADEs combined caused harm more frequently, and differed in their nature from each other and from ADRs in terms of associated drugs, affected organs, preventability and seriousness.
A combined aggressive harms category for anyone experiencing physical (1), sexual (2) or verbal (3) harms from others' drinking was created to examine how experiencing such aggressive actions may impact feelings of safety when on a night out.
A combined aggressive harms category including any physical, sexual or verbal assault in the past 12 months (table 1) identified that over 40% of respondents had suffered at least one such assault; although overall prevalence did not differ between sexes (table 1).
The prediction model can provide comprehensive information on the individual combined benefit and harm with and without warfarin for each patient with atrial fibrillation.
Some studies have focused on combined benefit and harm profiles of warfarin versus no warfarin for individual patients with newly diagnosed AF.
In this study, our primary objective is to develop and validate a prediction model for patients' individual combined benefit and harm outcomes (stroke, major bleeding and neither event) with and without warfarin therapy.
The prediction models can provide comprehensive information on the individual combined benefit and harm with and without warfarin for patients with AF, which may aid in patient-physician shared decision-making when they are considering warfarin therapy.
For primary outcomes (stroke with no major bleeding, and major bleeding with no stroke), we will perform polytomous logistic regression to develop a prediction model for patients' individual combined benefit and harm outcomes, taking neither event group as the reference group.
