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Utility values for combined adverse events were surveyed as separate health states so no combination method had to be applied.
Stewart et al. additionally reported utility values for treatment states and combined adverse events, such as ED and IC.
There was also a significant inverse trend between the combined adverse childhood and adulthood socio-economic score with both the EDI and daily consumption of fruit and vegetables.
In 1997, treatment with acadesine (AICAR) before and during surgery was shown to reduce early cardiac death, MI and combined adverse cardiovascular outcomes [ 77], although the mode of action via AMPK was not fully appreciated at that time.
For food insufficiency, we considered a respondent to have experienced the event if they responded that they had experienced food shortages 'somewhat often' or 'very often.' The combined adverse events scores ranged from 0 to 4. Because of the small number of respondents who had experienced all four events we combined this group with those who had experienced three events.
This hypothesis is in line with our findings of decreased VEGF levels in CAD patients at the baseline and of low VEGF concentrations (<40.8 pg/mL) in association with the increased risk of rehospitalization and combined adverse cardiac events in a 5-year follow-up.
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A composite score combining adverse socio-economic measures was created to investigate the cumulative impact of low SEP, and to take into account a range of socio-economic measures that may have a greater impact than occupation alone.
In addition in health and medical research, it is not uncommon for researchers to combine adverse health events, such as the permanent nursing home admission and death, and hospital admission and death [ 3, 32- 34].
Due to a booming internal market for ethanol combined with adverse climate conditions for sugar cane cropping, the ethanol exports were reduced to less than two billion litres in 2010 [63].
These deficiencies, combined with adverse regulatory and administrative systems, make operating clinical trials difficult.
The low enrolment, combined with adverse selection, threatens countries' ability to raise sufficient revenues and achieve financial sustainability.
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