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This applied definition makes clear the need to have evidence on both the individual and the combined effects of any combination of pollutants to evaluate the presence of synergism.
Stormwater is typically laden with some combination of pollutants from a list including petroleum products, pesticides, lawn fertilizers, animal waste, sand, salt, grit and debris.
Combination of pollutants (organics, ammonia-nitrogen, heavy metals, chlorinated organic and inorganic salts) in higher concentrations makes landfill leachate a potential source of contamination to both ground and surface waters (Umar et al. 2010b).
The total number of cities, n, depends on the pollutant or combination of pollutants considered.
The term is used loosely and sometimes applied to any effect of a combination of pollutants that is greater than the effect of one of the components alone.
The term also extends to an effect caused by a combination of pollutants but not caused by exposure to the individual pollutants, absent exposure to the others.
Similar(49)
Moreover, this is helpful statistically because classifications reduce the dimensionality of the data thus permitting one to assess effect sizes between classes rather than assessing effects associated with each potential combination of pollutant levels.
It is anticipated that quantification of such 'multipollutant' health risks will more accurately reflect the etiologic relationships between air pollution and adverse health and that certain combinations of pollutants may be found to be more toxic than others for particular outcomes [ 2].
Two contrasting paddy soils, a silty clay soil and a clay loam soil, were incubated with different concentrations and combinations of pollutants for 60 days.
Several other studies also examined source-oriented combinations of pollutants.
Nonetheless, it is possible that other co-pollutants or combinations of pollutants not accounted for in these analyses may partially explain our O3 findings.
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