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Its blend of provincialism and global ambition reflects Deutsche Bank's role as a so-called universal bank, a combination of branch network and investment house that gathers all those German deposits and puts them to work in global capital markets.
In addition, Bayesian parametric approaches can estimate the parameters over every possible tree topology and combination of branch lengths, so they can account for the uncertainty associated with the phylogenetic inference itself ("phylogenetic uncertainty").
For each dataset, we modeled selection using a combination of branch models, site models and clade models.
The probability of each pattern and the total log-likelihood over all patterns was calculated for each combination of branch lengths on each possible four-taxon topology was calculated as described above for the simplified Bayesian simulation.
The lack of sensitivity of MP to heterotachy observed by KT is therefore due to an extremely peculiar combination of branch lengths and heterotachy level.
Finally, the clade model (Table 3) is a combination of branch and site models and allows investigating specifically the presence of sites evolving under divergent selective pressures between the paralogous genes and quantify its proportion.
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He has since built Groupe Le Duff into an empire of eight different restaurant groups with 1,310 chain outlets and a combination of branches and franchises, concessions or joint ventures.
The BH detected borders and interiors (e.g. combination of branches 3 and 4 of Fig. 2), overlaid images, and dermatologist-determined region are all illustrated, respectively, in Figure 4. Second, accuracy of our method is quantified by digitally comparing results with manually determined borders from a dermatologist.
Some of the other branches in the eudicot clpP1 tree (Fig. 2) have combinations of branch lengths and dN/dS ratios that indicate a more widespread occurrence of positive selection of the gene.
However, even when parameters are fixed in ML analyses of simple simulated datasets, the lengths of long, deep branches are significantly overestimated, suggesting that error remains in ML branch length estimation for some combinations of branch length, branch depth, and dataset size.
The 4- and 8-taxon analyses in this study all rely on simple substitution models that (1) remain constant across sites and lineages, and (2) specify only a few parameters that can be estimated reasonably well from the data across at least some combinations of branch length and dataset size.
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