Understanding and controlling prion-like behavior is therefore a promising strategy to combat diverse pathologies and organize engineered biological systems.
Since endurance exercise is suggested to have therapeutic potential against obesity, type II diabetes, metabolic syndrome and associated co-morbidities [3] [5], it is intriguing to speculate that maintenance of the miRNA signalling networks via endurance exercise training may combat these pathologies.
Since a physically active lifestyle is suggested to have therapeutic potential against osteoarthritis, cancer, atherosclerosis, obesity, type II diabetes, sarcopenia, metabolic syndrome and associated co-morbidities, it is intriguing to speculate that maintenance of the mitochondrial bioenergetic capacity via regular exercise training may combat these pathologies.
CCN2 is overexpressed in fibrosis, arthritis and cancer; thus, an understanding of how to control CCN2 expression is likely to have importance in developing therapies to combat these pathologies.
Clearly, bullet-based or mono-target drug intervention cannot effectively combat the complex pathologies of systemic diseases like cancers, cardiovascular diseases and neurodegenerative disorders [ 2], because those diseases are regulated by complex biological networks and depend on multiple steps of genetic and environmental challenges to progress [ 1 3].
This spurs the need for a more efficient, cost effective and easily available regime to combat liver and kidney pathologies especially in the developing nations.
Conclusions: The disruption Pb has on bone mass and bone homeostasis is principally explained by inhibition of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, which may provide a molecular basis for novel therapeutic strategies to combat Pb-induced bone pathologies.
Treatment strategies to combat metabolic dysfunction and associated pathologies have been hampered by our lack of understanding regarding the biological underpinnings of these clinical conditions and our incomplete understanding of the effects of estrogens and the tissue-specific functions and molecular actions of its receptors.
This review provides balanced analysis of the advances in systemic regulation of young and old tissue stem cells and suggests strategies for accelerating development of therapies to broadly combat age-related tissue degenerative pathologies.
Another reason for the slow pace in developing therapies to broadly combat age-related tissue degenerative pathologies is that defined strategies, which are "beyond parabiosis", for the rejuvenation of multiple old organs have been very difficult to publish in high impact journals; only the magic of "heterochronic parabiosis" seems to keep the editors' and reviewers' attention.
