The Red troopers were not professional soldiers but armed civilians, whose military training, discipline and combat morale were mostly both inadequate and low.
Worse still, the Viet Minh lacked advanced medical care, with one stating that "Nothing strikes at combat morale like the knowledge that if wounded, the soldier will go uncared for".
In April, Indiana University Press published his book "Sound Targets: American Soldiers and Music in the Iraq War," which examines the role of music in military recruiting, combat, interrogations, and morale, and explains many things about Slayer's appeal.
Ticking off a list of what he characterized as other troubling indicators, Mr. Bush added that there were recruitment shortfalls in various branches of the military, units that were measurably not ready for combat and severe morale problems.
"The filters have been clinically proven to boost residents' morale, combatting seasonal affective disorder and sick building syndrome, as well as improving their perception of the surrounding area.
Kayani added that FC successes in combat had understandably increased morale.
But they also boosted the morale of combat soldiers, many of them in their 20's, by sketching their portraits.
But another military survey last year focusing on the morale of combat forces in Afghanistan did link declining morale and increasing mental health problems to repeated deployments.
The counselor labeled the unit "mission incapable" because of poor morale, high combat stress and anger over the deaths, and said it needed both stronger supervision and rest.
Some are primarily inspirational in that their chief aim is to raise members' morale and combat feelings of isolation by cultivating a sense of group belongingness through slogans, rituals, testimonials, and public recognition of members' progress.
Forced to retreat to Valletta, the French garrison faced severe food shortages, exacerbated by the effectiveness of the British blockade: although small quantities of supplies arrived in early 1799, there was no further traffic until early 1800, by which time starvation and disease was having a disastrous effect on health, morale, and combat capability of the French troops.
