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Columns without splices were tested for reference purposes.
In total, five columns without stiffeners and five columns with stiffeners were tested.
Numerical model of RC columns without or with FRP strengthening is developed using LS-DYNA.
The non-welded columns without welding of end plates were also investigated.
Such a simple change can significantly enhance the performance of RC columns without complicating their construction.
The first group of columns are the reference columns without any reinforcement.
The third type was a higher stage supported by columns, without steps but usually with a back wall.
Flow rates of up to 3 ml/min were accommodated with two coupled monolithic columns without exceeding 250 bar.
Her husband was for decades Britain's most popular angling columnist, filing his columns without fail until five days before his death at the age of 88.
Each group included two control columns without jacketing and eight rehabilitated columns with two and three layers of wrapping.
To construct the linearized P-M interaction diagram of circular CFT columns without a rigorous nonlinear analysis, simple equations are proposed in this paper.
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