Compared with open-loop processing, closed-loop control resulted in vertical alignment of columnar prior-β grains, more uniform α-lath widths, and more-uniform microhardness values within the deposited component.
The key factor is to enhance intragrain carrier mobility together with a substantial reduction of the contribution of grain boundary (GB) scattering to carrier transport due to a high degree of c-axis alignment between columnar grains.
This study clearly shows that a technology to produce AZO films with a high degree of c-axis alignment between columnar grains is essential for enhancing intragrain carrier mobility together with little contribution of GB scattering to carrier transport.
The CLs play a critical role in substantially reducing the contribution of GB scattering to carrier transport owing to the improved degree of c-axis alignment between columnar grains, thereby improving μ H.
This indicates that the AZO films with CLs exhibit a high degree of c-axis alignment between columnar grains: we confirmed a small full width at half maximum of the ω rocking curves (FWHMω) for the 0002 peak of 1.81° compared with those, FWHMω >2, for GZO films deposited by IP with dc arc discharge in our previous work [10].
In one of our adult cases, there was an exaggerated columnar architecture, or radial alignment of neurons involving frontal and occipital regions.
In alloys with low boron additions, however, the competitive growth of the α phase breaks the continuity of the lamellar microstructure in the region ahead of stable growth, which finally results in columnar grain coarsening and unsuccessful alignment of the lamellar microstructures.
It is shown that liquid crystalline smectic or columnar phase formation enables to stabilize photoinduced alignment even at temperatures above the glass transition.
Thus, this phase is a hexagonal columnar mesophase (Colh) formed by the parallel alignment of the individual polymer backbones separated from each other by a continuum of molten aliphatic chains.
The cortex in the frontopolar, dorsal frontal and occipital regions of one adult post-mortem case with Dravet syndrome (PM3/EP099) showed a 'micro-columnar' architecture, with exaggeration of the vertical alignment of cortical neurons (Fig. 4C), but these changes did not amount to focal cortical dysplasia type I (Blümcke et al., 2011).
