Additionally, in two instances, several populations were removed at once (samples of the four yellow coloured morphs from Ilangi, Inangu, Kabeyeye and Lufubu; and samples of T. polli from Ikola North together with T. "Kongole" from Kavala Island).
Removal of the yellow coloured morphs sampled near the Lufubu estuary (Fig. 4B) increased the bootstrap values at node 1 ("bluish" + "yellow-blotched", from 154 to 666), node 1a ("bluish", from 14 to 240), node 2 (from 219 to 776) and node 4a ("red", from 266 to 427), and slightly raised support at node 1b ("yellow-blotched", from 518 to 621).
By 1898 this dark morph outnumbered the light-coloured morph by 99 to 1.
Prior to 1848 the peppered moth existed mainly as the white-coloured morph.
[35] Similarly, both the contrasting white areas (horizontal or longitudinal lines) of the basal colourations and black spots of T. japonica always reach the body outline (see Figure 1), and bi-coloured morphs were always less detectable.
In more detail, the red-coloured morphs from Chisanze to Livua grouped together in one subclade.
Several studies, including allochronic ones, have found correlations between high temperatures and the prevalence of light-coloured morphs in juvenile and adult snails (e.g. Johnson 1980, 2011, 2012).
Several studies have shown differences in activity pattern between light- and dark-coloured morphs (Wittkopp and Beldade 2009), for example in snails (Wolda 1965) and pygmy grasshoppers (Forsman et al. 2002).
This result is consistent with previous findings of strong allozyme structure between northern region bi-coloured and southern region black morphs of this species [ 59, 60] and indicates the presence of further strong structuring among bi-coloured morphs between northern and central regions.
In the 19th century a dark morph of the moth emerged in response to air pollution during the Industrial Revolution and became the dominant colour morph, almost completely replacing the light-coloured form.
Becoming fully coloured and sexually mature takes, depending on weather conditions, seven to ten days, however the colour morph is detectable after two to three days.
