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The use of maximum networks in ancestral reconstructions (see below) provides a particularly conservative test for the effect of network structure on color diversification.
For example, differences in connectivity of the biochemical network in the vicinity of external dietary points (starting points of carotenoid metabolism in all birds) may influence the potential for carotenoid-based color diversification among ecologically distinct avian lineages.
In addition, Bloch et al. (2015) have suggested that rapid evolution of RH2 in Setophaga birds (a genus of Passeriformes) is linked to sexual selection, given their exceptional plumage color diversification [ 52].
Third, plumage color is affected by integration of carotenoid compounds and feather keratin proteins and species differences in this integration [ 42, 43] changes correspondence between metabolic and color diversification space across species.
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Cichlid color pattern diversification is often linked to male male competition and female choice (Maan & Sefc, 2013), but the social system of Tropheus, with both male and female territoriality, also puts demands on female competitive abilities in territorial contests.
We all share a renewed commitment to a more effective deployment of our graduates who are students of color, a greater diversification of our administrations, faculties, and student bodies, and a re-imagining of curricula that enables us to better address structural and systemic issues that have given rise to some of the current racial tensions.
It follows, that when enzymatic connectivity in the vicinity of different dietary entry points vary, ecologically-distinct taxa should have different potential for color elaboration and diversification.
Second, the evolutionary potential for carotenoid color elaboration and diversification should differ predictably among clades depending on the density of enzymatic reactions, overlap in biochemical domains of distinct dietary carotenoids, and diversity of dietary carotenoids in species' metabolic networks (e.g., [ 53]).
Our results suggest that the diversification of color vision across species contributes to sensory adaptations that both enhance the contrast of transparent prey and the detection of optical signals of conspecifics.
We apply this perspective to the evolution of carotenoid pigmentation that produces spectacular diversity in avian colors and show that basic structural properties of the underlying carotenoid metabolic network are reflected in global patterns of elaboration and diversification in color displays.
More specifically, they suggest that most of the amino acid substitutions are neutral and do not implicate a role for natural selection on these regulatory genes in the diversification of flower color in Ipomoea.
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