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We then test whether ants exposed to soil from another colony become more likely to accept ants from that colony (i.e. nest soil changes the template).
Collection day and source colony (i.e. replicate effects), in contrast, did not influence acquisition performance (Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA for learning performance: factor = day; H = 4.37, p = 0.22, n = 94/78/54/41; factor = colony; H = 6.30, p = 0.10, n = 86/86/33/62).
This was taken into account by allowing for genotyping errors in paternity reconstruction in COLONY, i.e. mismatch in a single locus did not lead to an immediate inference of an additional sire [29].
Analysis of pictures then allowed us to determine the emigration time for each colony (i.e. time interval between the start of emigration and the last transport of a brood item from the old nest to any new nest).
Laboratory nests contained only members from one particular host colony (i.e., colonies were never mixed).
Since all colonies can be displayed in parallel, the population nexus is preserved for each individual colony (i.e. its relation to the whole population at time t).
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The water samples with maximum revertant colonies, i.e., having high percentage level of mutagenicity also cause maximum genotoxicity (Fig. 2).
Here, comparing three sets of strains forming differently structured colonies (fluffy, semi-fluffy and smooth), each derived from ancestors with distinct genetic backgrounds isolated from natural settings (BR-88, BR-99 and BR-103), we specified the factors essential for the formation of structured colonies, i.e. for the lifestyle most likely to be preferred in the wild.
The number of griffon vulture breeding colonies (i.e. presences) amounted to 124.
Experiments started a few days after the first WLE appeared in queenless colonies, i.e. approximately two weeks after collection.
It also allows for the selection of specific colonies, i.e. after genetic modification of stem cells, and of distinct colony regions if necessary.
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