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There was a significant decrease in colonization over time (P < 0.0001).
The results show that the 3-D interconnected architectural design of these HA foams allows excellent osteoblast internalization, proliferation and differentiation, exhibiting adequate colonization over the entire scaffold surface with an appropriate degradation rate without any cytotoxic effects.
Results indicate that diffusion describes the evolution of a moraine profile, and further show that slope degradation processes affect the number, frequency, and distribution of boulders available for lichen colonization over time.
Such colonization over ice "seems a very plausible idea," says Graham Slater of the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of Natural History in Washington, D.C., who was not involved in the new work.
We aimed to reduce the chance of omitting confounding factors; in our third model set [ѱ (Time)], we added an elapsed time covariate to the baseline Dist_z to address temporal patterns in colonization over the full year while incorporating each species' source point and possible movement along the bulldozer trail.
The colonization of each individual species did not show a gradual influx from the bordering dikes at both sides of the deposit, but a fast colonization over the whole width, presumably by surface dispersal, although at low and variable numbers, followed by a gradual increase of population numbers.
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The diversification of plateau Nesticella has been greatly influenced by the sequential uplift of the plateau and likely reflects multiple cave colonizations over time by epigean ancestors during Pleistocene glacial advances.
Among mothers, the prevalence of S. pneumoniae (p = 0.002) and H. influenzae (p = 0.008) colonization also increased over time as the child became older, however, no changes were observed in prevalence of S. aureus colonization which remained greater than 50% throughout the study.
Nevertheless, it is extremely difficult to document multiple dispersal events of new colonizer species on islands, and virtually impossible to reconstruct the colonization processes over long periods of time (millions of years).
The time at risk was then calculated as the total duration of persistent pneumococcal colonization, cumulated over all children.
The observed change in colonization density over time is clearly dependent on a functional cag-PAI, since the B128ΔcagY mutant did not significantly change its bacterial density between 4 and 64 weeks, but maintained a constant difference (1 1.5 log stages) in bacterial load between antral and corpus tissue.
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