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These bacterial genes were further identified as being expressed in glucocorticosteroid-treated lungs colonized by H. influenzae, indicating their responsiveness in the mouse colonization model.
An additional concern is the size and rate of migration of such a single population colonization model.
Under this view, the uniformity of coalescent dates near the end of the LGM would seem to support a late, single population colonization model.
The traditional "Clovis first" model, the genetic-based "Beringian Pause" model, and indeed any late, single entry colonization model relies on the presumed impermeability of the North American glacial masses until the end of the LGM.
Is the standard colonization model consistent with the development of high population density early in the colonization process on the east coast rather than at a Midwestern point of entry?
Thus the mtDNA divergence observed between cis- and trans-Andean Rhamdia species is too low to support an ancient colonization of Central America in the Late Cretaceous or Paleocene as had been hypothesized in one colonization model for Mesoamerican fishes.
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Rather, to many, the results of alternative modeling strategies seem to serve to bolster convictions regarding competing colonization models, rather than stimulating direct tests of those models.
Reconstruction of past environments, through which migrants must have lived and transited, is crucial to the context of colonization models.
Finally, Dennis O'Rourke closes this special issue with a paper aimed at meticulously deciphering the main contradictions and concordances in American colonization models.
In particular, paleoenvironmental data from Trinidad, Grenada, Martinique, and Marie-Galante (Guadeloupe) provide a basis for revisiting initial colonization models of the Caribbean.
This is relevant to colonization models as it raises the possibility that both coastal and interior routes of travel around or through glacial masses may have been possible until after 20,000 14C BP.
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