In summary, it appears that there is in the gut a constitutive expression of CCL25 independent of commensal flora and a potential induced expression, which can be linked to bacterial colonization to some extent, through complex pathway of regulation.
Third, considering S. enterica and P. aeruginosa as opportunistic pathogens introduced into an environment occupied by E. coli, we asked to what extent colonization of worms and subsequent transmission would actually contribute to the fitness of these opportunistic pathogens.
It has been proposed that the local acid production will determine the extent of colonization by Helicobacter species in the stomach, with decreased acid production promoting the spread of colonization to the acid-producing body of the stomach as opposed to the increased acid production, which tends to restrict colonization, predominantly to the gastric antrum [ 58].
However, the potting media significantly influenced the extent of colonization by Scleroderma.
The extent of colonization remains elusive, as are relationships between isolated microorganisms, preterm labor and fetal inflammation.
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) differ in their rate and extent of colonization of both plant roots and soil but the mechanism responsible for these differences is unclear.
The aim of this study was to determine the extent of colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in biofilters of varying ages in three Australian cities: Melbourne, Perth, and Sydney.
Finally, European common agriculture policies may contribute to some extent to colonization by ragweed when arable land in low-productivity areas is abandoned, creating new suitable habitats for weed expansion [16], [34].
Thus, we measured the extent of colonization at defined time points (4 and 24 h) after the bacterial infection either alone or in the co-infection model (Fig. 2).
Measuring sub-clinical infection or the extent of colonization with environmental strains is even more difficult.
