Considering the presence of putative subspecies and the fact that Italian populations were potentially able to survive glaciations whereas Poland is a postglacial re-colonisation area, one should expect differences in the populations' genetic structures.
Potential confounding effects included in the models were previous colonisation, care area, hospitalisation, age, gender and other patient characteristics.
The low genetic variability in this region could indicate a relatively recent colonisation of this area by individuals deriving from geographically distant populations situated in the central or eastern regions (no close population shows haplotype B, Figure 2).
The Demos researchers looked at four possible scenarios for the future: (1) migration eastwards to the Olympic Park; (2) "upgrade" (stay put but address existing problems and complaints – eg about connectivity, skills gaps and muddled government policy); (3) colonisation of the area by the financial services industry; and (4) decline.
This marked the original colonisation of an area which, though now an archipelago, was then mostly dry land because so much of the Earth's water was locked up as ice in the extended polar caps of the last glacial period (see map).The first colonists would thus have needed boats to cross some narrow seas in order to settle this land.
In Melbourne, the Koorie Heritage Trust runs walking tours along the Yarra River in an effort to highlight the impact of European colonisation upon the area's traditional Kulin people, their culture and the land.
In the 16th century, when the Spanish colonisation in the area began, El Hatillo was inhabited by the Mariches, an indigenous people possibly related to the Kalina (Caribs).
Accordingly, the fossil record for wild horses at that time is extremely scarce [6], [7], suggesting that European domestic horses largely descend from stock that was imported from elsewhere in a process known as demic diffusion [8] (colonisation of an area through population movement [9]).
In contrast, total beetle richness increased and became more specialised over the forest cycle which may be related to slower colonisation of disturbed areas by beetles in comparison with spiders, and fewer open specialists at the early stages of second rotation.
